In order to cool the gas turbine vane or blade and raise the operating temperature, two standard convective cooling methods are used: jet impingement cooling and FILM cooling. The current study uses computational analysis to analyze and compare FILM cooling effectiveness with and without multi-jet impingement cooling on a flat plate. Ansys Fluent software is used to perform computational analysis on a flat plate. The computational results were compared with the experimental result using K-ω SST turbulence model and validated with literature data. The flat plate is used for the conjugate heat transfer study on the hot surface (named interaction surface), cold surface (called target surface), and inside the FILM hole. Different heat transfer parameters such as heat flux, Nusselt's number, and effectiveness are compared for the two cases, i. e., FILM cooling with impinging jets (IFC) and FILM cooling without impingement cooling (FC). It is observed that the FC case shows lower effectiveness as compared to the IFC case. The average Nusselt number for the IFC cases is almost three times larger than FC. The FILM exit temperature values are higher FC case, but it is more uniform in the IFC case. Interaction surface heat flux and Nusselt number values show higher values on the upstream wall of the FILM hole for IFC than in the FC case.

Falling FILM evaporative heat exchangers are extensively used in processing industries, broad areas of application being refrigeration, desalination and food processing industries. The fundamental aspect of this type of heat transfer process is to extract the process heat in the form of latent heat by liquid which is sprayed over the surface of the process tubes. Formation of liquid FILM over a fully wetted horizontal round tube of falling FILM evaporator has been numerically simulated here. Two numerical approaches, Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique and the Eulerian multiphase model are applied to compare their results. The effect of varying flow and geometrical parameters on the FILM thickness is investigated. Two horizontal tubes of diameter 19. 05mm and 25. 04mm with three different uniform spacing have been selected for simulation. FILM Reynolds numbers 650, 950 and 1250 are considered for the above set of parameters. Ii is observed that the geometrical and flow parameters considerably influence the FILM thickness. Transient analysis of the FILM formation has been carried out and parameters like pathline of liquid FILM and the velocity profile have been obtained for understanding the flow behavior in a better manner. All the simulated results agree well with the published data.

Introduction: Accurate measurement of working length of the root canal is an important factor in endodontic treatment, because it determines the level of cleaning and shaping of the canal. This can be performed using numerous methods including conventional, digital and self-developing methods, which are studied in this work. Methods and Materials: In this study, 50 maxillary molars with appropriate conditions for the analysis were collected and their mesiobuccal canal lengths were estimated by three different types of radiographs with and without file. Next, two endodontists and a radiologist reviewed all the images under the same conditions. The precise lengths of the canals were measured by removing teeth from their casts and direct observation. Finally, data regarding differences in radiographic length and actual length were examined by SPSS 16. 0 software and Repeated Measures ANOVA test. Results: There was no significant difference in any of the radiographic states. The differences of root canal lengths were not significant for the first (endodontist) and third (endodontist) observers; whereas, there were significant differences for the second observer (radiologist). The differences were not significant for samples without files (P=0. 89). However, the differences were significant for samples with files (P=0. 03). Conclusion: Since analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the results of digital radiography, conventional FILM and self-developing FILM methods in working length determination, the clinician can choose any of these methods according to the working conditions without being concerned about losing the accuracy.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pomegranate peel powder on the physicochemical, barrier, and pH sensitivity of the FILMs based on cassava starch. The pomegranate peel powder (PPP) was used at levels of 2, 4, 6, and 8% w/v in starch FILM formulation, and the thickness, water solubility, water vapor (WVP) and oxygen permeability, and opacity were determined, and the color variations of the FILMs were also measured after immersion in different pH buffers (pH 4. 0-9. 0). The results demonstrated the addition of PPP to FILM formulation and increasing its levels, the water solubility, opacity, WVP, and oxygen permeability were increased (p<0. 05), so that the values of these parameters in the control sample were 33. 78%, 0. 65 mm-1, 6. 92 × 10-10 g/s. m. Pa, and 4. 06 cc-mil/m2. Day, respectively, and in the FILM containing 8% of PPP reached 41. 32%, 1. 25 mm-1, 7. 72 × 10-10 g/s. m. Pa, and 5. 63 cc-mil/m2. Day, respectively. The results of examining the sensitivity of FILMs to pH showed that the color of the produced FILMs changed against changes in solution pH so that with increasing the pH of the solution to the neutral and alkaline range, the color of the FILMs changed from reddish pink to green. According to obtained results, it can be concluded that the intelligent FILMs based on cassava starch containing PPP can be used as pH-sensitive indicators to display the freshness of food products.